- Normal animals

Body weight, height, bone (femur) length, growth factors (insulin-like growth factor-1), activity, reflection, vaginal opening, testicular descent, hair growth

- Normal animals
- Scopolamine

Learning/memory, concentration

- Treadmill running
- Water swimming

Maximum exercise, maximum swimming time, muscle fiber distribution, citrate synthase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances [TBARS]), testosterone, sperm count, sperm motility, glutathione (GSH), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD] /glutathione peroxidase [GPx]/glutathione reductase [GR]/glutathione S-transferase [GST]/catalase)

- Fasting/treadmill running

Blood volume increase, hematocrit (packed cell volume [PCV]), preference

- High-fat diet(HFD)
- Diet-induced obesity(DIO) rat

Body weight, body fats, blood lipids (triglycerides [TG]), leptin, liver microscopic findings (steatosis), liver function indices

- Type I streptozotocin
- Type II db/db mice

Blood glucose, insulin, HbA1c, glucose tolerance, blood lipids, retinopathy, aldose reductase (AR) activity

- Corpus carvernosum
- Hot water impotence
- Normal animals

Corpus cavernosum dilatation, Intracavernosum pressure, mounting & intromission, sexual organ weight, blood testosterone, sperm count, sperm motility, sperm deformity

- Castration + testosterone

Prostate/seminal vesicle weight ratio, microscopic findings (hyperplasia, epithelium height, intraprostate diameter), 5α-dihydrotestosterone concentration

- Ovariectomy

Bone density, bone strength, cortical thickness, calcium & phosphorus concentrations

- 20% Ethanol
- Ethanol/HFD

Blood alcohol & aldehyde concentrations, gastric ulcer, fatty liver, alcohol-degrading enzymes (alcohol dehydrogenase/aldehyde dehydrogenase/cytochrome P-450 type 2E1/catalase)

- Paraoxon
- Diisopropylfluoro-phosphate

Enzyme (cholinesterase) inhibition, survivability, convulsion, brain injury, learning/memory

- Normal guinea pig
- Pregnant C57BL/6

Testicular toxicity (sperm count, sperm motility, sperm deformity, microscopic findings), hepatotoxicity (microscopic findings), prevention of fetal defects (cleft palate, hydronephrosis, delayed growth)

- KCN

Survivability, cyanhemoglobin

- CCl4
- Acetaminophen
- Iron-dextran

Bromosulfalein (BSP) excretion & clearance, hepatic injury indices (ALT/AST/LDH), biliary retention indices (alkaline phosphatase [ALP] /γ-glutamyl transpeptidase [γ-GTP]/bilirubin), microscopic findings (hepatocytic necrosis), lipid peroxidation (TBARS)

- CCl4
- Iron-dextran

BSP excretion & clearance, hepatic injury indices (ALT/AST/LDH), biliary retention indices (ALP/γ-GTP/bilirubin), protein synthesis indices (total proteins/albumin/A-G ratio), energy production/storage indices (glucose), microscopic findings (fibrosis), hydroxyproline

- Ethionine
- Ethanol/HFD

hepatic injury indices (ALT/AST/LDH), biliary retention indices (ALP/ γ-GTP/ bilirubin), lipid metabolism indices (total cholesterol/LDL /HDL/TG), microscopic findings (lipid accumulation), hepatic lipids (total lipids [TL]/TG/cholesterol)

- DPPH
- CCl4
- Fecl3

1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH)-scavenging activity, lipid peroxidation (TBARS), glutathione (GSH), antioxidant enzymes (SOD/GPx /GR/GST/catalase)

- High-cholesterol diet (LDLR-knockout, rabbits)

Blood lipids (total cholesterol/LDL/HDL/TG), aortic atheroma (Sudan IV), liver microscopic findings (lipid accumulation), hepatic lipids (TL/TG/cholesterol)

- Spontaneously-hypertensive rat
- Angiotensin II infusion

In vitro/vivo angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), blood pressure (-30 mmHg), heart rate

- Platelet-rich plasma
- FeCl3
- Collagen + epinephrine

Platelet aggregation, carotid/femoral artery occlusion time, respiratory artery occlusion & death, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, nitric oxide (NO)

- Angina (ischemia-reperfusion)
- Congestive heart failures (pressure-overload, volume-overload)

Angina (infarction), congestive heart failure, arrhydmia, cardiac muscle fibrosis, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), CPK-MB, myoglobin, troponin, pro-BNP, LDH

- Ischemic stroke (MCAO, photothrombosis)
Hemorrhagic stroke (collagenase VII)

Stroke (infarction, TTC), behaviors, learning/memory, blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, cytotoxicity

- MPTP
- 6-Hydroxydopamine

TH expression, Pole test, movement (rotating behavior)

- Scopolamine
- AF64A (cholinotoxin)
- Kainic acid (hippocampus)
- βA4 (amyloid peptide)

Learning/memory, acetylcholinesterase (ACh) activity, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-expressing neurons, movement, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), IL-1β

- Normal animals
- Cyclophosphamide-induced bone marrow suppression

Complete blood counts (CBC), differential counts, platelets, reticulocytes, hematocrit (PCV), bone marrow cellularity

- Diverse models

Stress (WIRS), alcohol (100% ethanol), gastric acid secretion (pylorus ligation/HCl), drugs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs/reserpine), histamine, chronic (acetic acid)

- H. pylori inoculation

Bactericidal CLO test, culture & identification, microscopic findings (inflammation & bacteria observation)

- Charcoal propulsion
- Organ/tissue bath

Intestinal motility (charcoal propulsion), smooth muscle constriction, gastric emptying time

- Charcoal propulsion
- Organ/tissue bath
- Acetylcholine

Feces number, feces weight, intestinal motility (charcoal propulsion), hydration

- 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid
- Dextran sulfate sodium

Colon/thymus/spleen weights, microscopic findings (inflammation/ulcer), CD4, CD8, myeloperoxidase activity, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ

- Atropine + dry air
- Lacrimal gland surgery
- Shirmer paper

Corneal penetration (fluorescein), lacrimation (Shirmer test), histopathology (mucin excretion)

- DPPH
- FeCl3
- Aldose reductase (AR)
- Rat eyes

Rhodopsin synthesis, DPPH-scavenging activity, lipid peroxidation (TBARS), AR inhibition

- Natural aging
- D-Galactose
- Senescence-accelerated mice (SAM)

Gross indices (movement/appearance), biochemical indices (pro-oxidants/antioxidants/ immune reaction), structural indices (body weight/organ weight/microscopic findings), functional indices (learning/memory, reproductive function)

- Neuronal cells
- Neural stem cells
- Mesenchymal stem cells
- Microglial cells
- Macrophages
- Many available cells

MTT, LDH, apoptosis (TUNEL), gene expression, cytokines, proliferation

- Diverse solid tumors (nude, orthotopic)
- Ascites tumors

Cytotoxicity, growth inhibition, survivability, neovascularization (CD34)

- Diverse solid tumors

Liver tumor metastasis, lung tumor metastasis

- ARS
- CAM
- Matrigel

Aortic ring sprouting (ARS), chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) angiogenesis, Matrigel angiogenesis

- Organic acids in dental plaque
- Dental caries ratio

Plaque index & pH, demineralization remineralization, Streptococcus mutans number & anti-bacterial activity, glucosyl transferase inhibition, cell adherance inhibition, acid production inhibition

- Beagle dogs

Whitening (chromametry)

- Chronic gingivitis/periodontitis
- Acute gangrenous/ulcerative gingivitis

Anti-microbial activity (Prophyromonas, Prevotella, Actinibacillus, Eikenella), inflammation, methyl mercaptan (halitosis) production

- Pentobarbital (hexobarbital)
- Caffeine

Pentobarbital-sleeping time

- Normal animals
- Scopolamine, AF64A
- Aging, SAM, D-galactose

Learning/memory (avoidances, water-maze)

- Restraint stress
- Cold restraint stress
- Water immersion restraint stress(WIRS)

Corticosterone, interleukin-6 (IL-6), body weight, thymus/spleen/liver/adrenal weights, complete blood count (CBC), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total cholesterol, gastric ulcer

- Hairless mice-UV
- MMP-1

Wrinkle care – collagen, elastin, hyaluronic acid, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) inhibition, GSH, antioxidant enzymes (SOD/GPx/GR/GST/catalase)

- Tyrosinase
- Brown guinea pigs

Tyrosinase inhibition, skin color & tone (chromametry), melanogenesis inhibition, microscopic findings (melanocytes)

- Keratinocytes
- Tewametry

Total evaporated water loss, ceramide

- Whole skin excision

Reepithelization velocity, scab shedding, tissue tension, microscopic findings (reepithelization)

- Comb burns

Reepithelization velocity, scab shedding, tissue tension, microscopic findings (hair follicle preservation/reepithelization), hair regrowth, blood vessel preservation (latex)

- Macrophages
- Carbon-loaded mice
- Listeria challenge
- Sarcoma-180 cells

NO production, carbon clearance, CBC (lymphocytes), T-/B-lymphocytes proliferation, host resistance (L. monocytogenes), tumor prevention (survivability)

- Compound-48/80
- Trinitrochlorobenzene
- Dinitrofluorobenzene
- NC/NGa mice + DNCB (staphylococcus)

Mast cells, histamine (β-hexosaminidase) release, anaphylactic shock (compound-48/80), acute itching, chronic itching, edema (ear swelling), vascular leakage, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, total immunoglobulin E

- LLNA
- Langerhan’s cells
- Mast cells

local lymph node (LLN) weight, bromodeoxyuridine, Langerhan’s (dendritic) cells CD86/CD54 expression

- Isopropyl myristate
- Propionibacterium acne inoculation

Comedogenesis inhibition, microscopic findings (folliculitis/cornification), P. acne elimination

- Trichophyton inoculation
- Candida inoculation

Trichophyton dermatitis, Candida vaginitis

- Ovalbumin intratrachial inoculation

Bronchial smooth muscle dilatation, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid analysis, respiratory function (plethysmography)

- Collagen type II (rheumatoid arthritis)
- Monosodium iodoacetate (osteoartritis)
- Anterior cruciate ligament transection (osteoarthritis)

Edema (plethysmography), clinical scores, TNF-α, cyclooxygenase-II, inducible NO synthase, prostaglandin E2, NO, microscopic findings (inflammation/ankylosis), peptidoglycan (Safranin O), collagen-II