For Your Beloveds
Growth & development | - Normal animals |
Body weight, height, bone (femur) length, growth factors (insulin-like growth factor-1), activity, reflection, vaginal opening, testicular descent, hair growth |
Brain activation | - Normal animals - Scopolamine |
Learning/memory, concentration |
Stamina enhancement | - Treadmill running - Water swimming |
Maximum exercise, maximum swimming time, muscle fiber distribution, citrate synthase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances [TBARS]), testosterone, sperm count, sperm motility, glutathione (GSH), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD] /glutathione peroxidase [GPx]/glutathione reductase [GR]/glutathione S-transferase [GST]/catalase) |
Blood rehydration of ion drinks | - Fasting/treadmill running |
Blood volume increase, hematocrit (packed cell volume [PCV]), preference |
Anti-obesity | - High-fat diet(HFD) - Diet-induced obesity(DIO) rat |
Body weight, body fats, blood lipids (triglycerides [TG]), leptin, liver microscopic findings (steatosis), liver function indices |
Regulation of blood glucose | - Type I streptozotocin - Type II db/db mice |
Blood glucose, insulin, HbA1c, glucose tolerance, blood lipids, retinopathy, aldose reductase (AR) activity |
Erectile improvement |
- Corpus carvernosum - Hot water impotence - Normal animals |
Corpus cavernosum dilatation, Intracavernosum pressure, mounting & intromission, sexual organ weight, blood testosterone, sperm count, sperm motility, sperm deformity |
Improvement of prostate enlargement | - Castration + testosterone |
Prostate/seminal vesicle weight ratio, microscopic findings (hyperplasia, epithelium height, intraprostate diameter), 5α-dihydrotestosterone concentration |
Osteoporosis improvement | - Ovariectomy |
Bone density, bone strength, cortical thickness, calcium & phosphorus concentrations |
Hangover relief | - 20% Ethanol - Ethanol/HFD |
Blood alcohol & aldehyde concentrations, gastric ulcer, fatty liver, alcohol-degrading enzymes (alcohol dehydrogenase/aldehyde dehydrogenase/cytochrome P-450 type 2E1/catalase) |
Organophosphate detoxification | - Paraoxon - Diisopropylfluoro-phosphate |
Enzyme (cholinesterase) inhibition, survivability, convulsion, brain injury, learning/memory |
Dioxin detoxification | - Normal guinea pig - Pregnant C57BL/6 |
Testicular toxicity (sperm count, sperm motility, sperm deformity, microscopic findings), hepatotoxicity (microscopic findings), prevention of fetal defects (cleft palate, hydronephrosis, delayed growth) |
Cyanide detoxification | - KCN |
Survivability, cyanhemoglobin |
Hepatic function improvement | - CCl4 - Acetaminophen - Iron-dextran |
Bromosulfalein (BSP) excretion & clearance, hepatic injury indices (ALT/AST/LDH), biliary retention indices (alkaline phosphatase [ALP] /γ-glutamyl transpeptidase [γ-GTP]/bilirubin), microscopic findings (hepatocytic necrosis), lipid peroxidation (TBARS)
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Liver fibrosis / cirrhosis improvement | - CCl4 - Iron-dextran |
BSP excretion & clearance, hepatic injury indices (ALT/AST/LDH), biliary retention indices (ALP/γ-GTP/bilirubin), protein synthesis indices (total proteins/albumin/A-G ratio), energy production/storage indices (glucose), microscopic findings (fibrosis), hydroxyproline
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Fatty liver improvement | - Ethionine - Ethanol/HFD |
hepatic injury indices (ALT/AST/LDH), biliary retention indices (ALP/ γ-GTP/ bilirubin), lipid metabolism indices (total cholesterol/LDL /HDL/TG), microscopic findings (lipid accumulation), hepatic lipids (total lipids [TL]/TG/cholesterol) |
Antioxidant activity | - DPPH - CCl4 - Fecl3 |
1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH)-scavenging activity, lipid peroxidation (TBARS), glutathione (GSH), antioxidant enzymes (SOD/GPx /GR/GST/catalase) |
Improvement of hypercholesterolemia atherosclerosis |
- High-cholesterol diet (LDLR-knockout, rabbits) |
Blood lipids (total cholesterol/LDL/HDL/TG), aortic atheroma (Sudan IV), liver microscopic findings (lipid accumulation), hepatic lipids (TL/TG/cholesterol) |
Regulation of blood pressure | - Spontaneously-hypertensive rat - Angiotensin II infusion |
In vitro/vivo angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), blood pressure (-30 mmHg), heart rate |
Blood flow improvement | - Platelet-rich plasma - FeCl3 - Collagen + epinephrine |
Platelet aggregation, carotid/femoral artery occlusion time, respiratory artery occlusion & death, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, nitric oxide (NO) |
Cardio-protection | - Angina (ischemia-reperfusion) - Congestive heart failures (pressure-overload, volume-overload) |
Angina (infarction), congestive heart failure, arrhydmia, cardiac muscle fibrosis, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), CPK-MB, myoglobin, troponin, pro-BNP, LDH |
Stroke attenuation | - Ischemic stroke (MCAO, photothrombosis) Hemorrhagic stroke (collagenase VII) |
Stroke (infarction, TTC), behaviors, learning/memory, blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, cytotoxicity |
Parkinsonism improvement | - MPTP - 6-Hydroxydopamine |
TH expression, Pole test, movement (rotating behavior) |
Dementia (Alzheimer disease) improvement | - Scopolamine - AF64A (cholinotoxin) - Kainic acid (hippocampus) - βA4 (amyloid peptide) |
Learning/memory, acetylcholinesterase (ACh) activity, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-expressing neurons, movement, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), IL-1β |
Hematopoiesis | - Normal animals - Cyclophosphamide-induced bone marrow suppression |
Complete blood counts (CBC), differential counts, platelets, reticulocytes, hematocrit (PCV), bone marrow cellularity |
Gastric ulcer improvement | - Diverse models |
Stress (WIRS), alcohol (100% ethanol), gastric acid secretion (pylorus ligation/HCl), drugs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs/reserpine), histamine, chronic (acetic acid) |
Helicobacter pylori elimination | - H. pylori inoculation |
Bactericidal CLO test, culture & identification, microscopic findings (inflammation & bacteria observation) |
Improvement of intestinal motility (gastric spasm) | - Charcoal propulsion - Organ/tissue bath |
Intestinal motility (charcoal propulsion), smooth muscle constriction, gastric emptying time |
Diarrhea improvement |
- Charcoal propulsion - Organ/tissue bath - Acetylcholine |
Feces number, feces weight, intestinal motility (charcoal propulsion), hydration |
Colitis attenuation |
- 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid - Dextran sulfate sodium |
Colon/thymus/spleen weights, microscopic findings (inflammation/ulcer), CD4, CD8, myeloperoxidase activity, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ |
Dry eye improvement |
- Atropine + dry air - Lacrimal gland surgery - Shirmer paper |
Corneal penetration (fluorescein), lacrimation (Shirmer test), histopathology (mucin excretion) |
Eyesight improvement |
- DPPH - FeCl3 - Aldose reductase (AR) - Rat eyes |
Rhodopsin synthesis, DPPH-scavenging activity, lipid peroxidation (TBARS), AR inhibition |
Anti-aging |
- Natural aging - D-Galactose - Senescence-accelerated mice (SAM) |
Gross indices (movement/appearance), biochemical indices (pro-oxidants/antioxidants/ immune reaction), structural indices (body weight/organ weight/microscopic findings), functional indices (learning/memory, reproductive function) |
Cyto-protection |
- Neuronal cells - Neural stem cells - Mesenchymal stem cells - Microglial cells - Macrophages - Many available cells |
MTT, LDH, apoptosis (TUNEL), gene expression, cytokines, proliferation |
Tumoricidal activity | - Diverse solid tumors (nude, orthotopic) - Ascites tumors |
Cytotoxicity, growth inhibition, survivability, neovascularization (CD34) |
Metastasis inhibition | - Diverse solid tumors |
Liver tumor metastasis, lung tumor metastasis |
Angiogenesis |
- ARS - CAM - Matrigel |
Aortic ring sprouting (ARS), chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) angiogenesis, Matrigel angiogenesis |
Dental caries prevention |
- Organic acids in dental plaque - Dental caries ratio |
Plaque index & pH, demineralization remineralization, Streptococcus mutans number & anti-bacterial activity, glucosyl transferase inhibition, cell adherance inhibition, acid production inhibition |
Teeth whitening | - Beagle dogs |
Whitening (chromametry) |
Preservation of gingival health |
- Chronic gingivitis/periodontitis - Acute gangrenous/ulcerative gingivitis |
Anti-microbial activity (Prophyromonas, Prevotella, Actinibacillus, Eikenella), inflammation, methyl mercaptan (halitosis) production |
Sleep promotion |
- Pentobarbital (hexobarbital) - Caffeine |
Pentobarbital-sleeping time |
Enhancement of cognitive function (concentration/memory) |
- Normal animals - Scopolamine, AF64A - Aging, SAM, D-galactose |
Learning/memory (avoidances, water-maze) |
Stress relief |
- Restraint stress - Cold restraint stress - Water immersion restraint stress(WIRS) |
Corticosterone, interleukin-6 (IL-6), body weight, thymus/spleen/liver/adrenal weights, complete blood count (CBC), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total cholesterol, gastric ulcer |
Anti-aging/wrinkle care |
- Hairless mice-UV - MMP-1 |
Wrinkle care – collagen, elastin, hyaluronic acid, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) inhibition, GSH, antioxidant enzymes (SOD/GPx/GR/GST/catalase) |
Skin whitening |
- Tyrosinase - Brown guinea pigs |
Tyrosinase inhibition, skin color & tone (chromametry), melanogenesis inhibition, microscopic findings (melanocytes) |
Skin moisturizing |
- Keratinocytes - Tewametry |
Total evaporated water loss, ceramide |
Wound healing | - Whole skin excision |
Reepithelization velocity, scab shedding, tissue tension, microscopic findings (reepithelization) |
Burn healing | - Comb burns |
Reepithelization velocity, scab shedding, tissue tension, microscopic findings (hair follicle preservation/reepithelization), hair regrowth, blood vessel preservation (latex) |
Immunopotentiation |
- Macrophages - Carbon-loaded mice - Listeria challenge - Sarcoma-180 cells |
NO production, carbon clearance, CBC (lymphocytes), T-/B-lymphocytes proliferation, host resistance (L. monocytogenes), tumor prevention (survivability) |
Atopic dermatitis improvement |
- Compound-48/80 - Trinitrochlorobenzene - Dinitrofluorobenzene - NC/NGa mice + DNCB (staphylococcus) |
Mast cells, histamine (β-hexosaminidase) release, anaphylactic shock (compound-48/80), acute itching, chronic itching, edema (ear swelling), vascular leakage, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, total immunoglobulin E |
Contact dermatitis improvement |
- LLNA - Langerhan’s cells - Mast cells |
local lymph node (LLN) weight, bromodeoxyuridine, Langerhan’s (dendritic) cells CD86/CD54 expression |
Acne improvement |
- Isopropyl myristate - Propionibacterium acne inoculation |
Comedogenesis inhibition, microscopic findings (folliculitis/cornification), P. acne elimination |
Dermatophytosis improvement |
- Trichophyton inoculation - Candida inoculation |
Trichophyton dermatitis, Candida vaginitis |
Asthma attenuation | - Ovalbumin intratrachial inoculation |
Bronchial smooth muscle dilatation, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid analysis, respiratory function (plethysmography) |
Arthritis attenuation |
- Collagen type II (rheumatoid arthritis) - Monosodium iodoacetate (osteoartritis) - Anterior cruciate ligament transection (osteoarthritis) |
Edema (plethysmography), clinical scores, TNF-α, cyclooxygenase-II, inducible NO synthase, prostaglandin E2, NO, microscopic findings (inflammation/ankylosis), peptidoglycan (Safranin O), collagen-II |